This document specifies the Keccak Message Authentication Code (KMAC) and Secure Hashing Algorithm 3 (SHA3) hardware IP functionality. This module conforms to the OpenTitan guideline for peripheral device functionality. See that document for integration overview within the broader OpenTitan top level system.
The KMAC module is a Keccak based message authentication code generator to check the integrity of an incoming message and a signature signed with the same secret key. The secret key length can vary up to 512 bits.
The KMAC generates at most 1600 bits of the digest value at a time which can be read from the STATE memory region. There's a way for the software to read more digest values by manually running the Keccak rounds. The details of the operation are described in the SHA3 specification, FIPS 202 known as sponge construction.
The KMAC HWIP also performs the SHA3 hash functions without the authentication, whose purpose is to check the correctness of the received message. The KMAC IP supports various SHA3 hashing functions including SHA3 Extended Output Function (XOF) known as SHAKE functions.
The KMAC HWIP implements a defense mechanism to deter SCA attacks. It is expected to protect against 1st-order SCA attacks by implementing masked storage and Domain-Oriented Masking (DOM) inside the Keccak function.
The above figure shows the KMAC/SHA3 HWIP block diagram. The KMAC has register interfaces for SW to configure the module, initiate the hashing process, and acquire the result digest from the STATE memory region. It also has an interface to the KeyMgr to get the secret key (masked). The IP has N x application interfaces, which allows other HWIPs to request any pre-defined hashing operations.
As similar with HMAC, KMAC HWIP also has a message FIFO (MSG_FIFO) whose depth was determined based on a few criteria such as the register interface width, and its latency, the latency of hashing algorithm (Keccak). Based on the given criteria, the MSG_FIFO depth was determined to store the incoming message while the SHA3 core is in computation.
The MSG_FIFO has a packer in front. It packs any partial writes into the size of internal datapath (64bit) and stores in MSG_FIFO. It frees the software from having to align the messages. It also doesn't need the message length information.
The fed messages go into the KMAC core regardless of KMAC enabled or not. The KMAC core forwards the messages to SHA3 core in case KMAC hash functionality is disabled. KMAC core prepends the encoded secret key as described in the SHA3 Derived Functions specification. It is expected that the software writes the encoded output length at the end of the message. For hashing operations triggered by an IP through the application interface, the encoded output length is appended inside the AppIntf module in the KMAC HWIP.
The SHA3 core is the main Keccak processing module. It supports SHA3 hashing functions, SHAKE128, SHAKE256 extended output functions, and also cSHAKE128, cSHAKE256 functions in order to support KMAC operation. To support multiple hashing functions, it has the padding logic inside. The padding logic mainly pads the predefined bits at the end of the message and also performs pad10*1() function. If cSHAKE mode is set, the padding logic also prepends the encoded function name N and the customization string S prior to the incoming messages according to the spec requirements.
Both the internal state width and the masking of the Keccak core are configurable via compile-time Verilog parameters. By default, 1600 bits of internal state are used and stored in two shares (1st order masking). The masked Keccak core takes 4 clock cycles per round if sufficient entropy is available. If desired, the masking can be disabled and the internal state width can be reduced to 25, 50, or 100 bits at compile time.
A Keccak round implements the Keccak_f function described in the SHA3 specification. Keccak round logic in KMAC/SHA3 HWIP not only supports 1600 bit internal states but also all possible values {50, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600} based on a parameter Width. If masking is disabled via compile-time Verilog parameter EnMasking, also 25 can be selected as state width. Keccak permutations in the specification allow arbitrary number of rounds. This module, however, supports Keccak_f which always runs 12 + 2*L rounds, where $$ L = log_2 {( {Width \over 25} )} $$ . For instance, 200 bits of internal state run 18 rounds. KMAC/SHA3 instantiates the Keccak round module with 1600 bit.
Keccak round logic has two phases inside. Theta, Rho, Pi functions are executed at the 1st phase. Chi and Iota functions run at the 2nd phase. If the compile-time Verilog parameter EnMasking is not set, i.e., if masking is not enabled, the first phase and the second phase run at the same cycle.
If masking is enabled, the Keccak round logic stores the intermediate state after processing the 1st phase. The stored values are then fed into the 2nd phase computing the Chi and Iota functions. The Chi function leverages first-order Domain-Oriented Masking (DOM) to aggravate SCA attacks.
To balance circuit area and SCA hardening, the Chi function uses 800 instead 1600 DOM multipliers but the multipliers are fully pipelined. The Chi and Iota functions are thus separately applied to the two halves of the state and the 2nd phase takes in total three clock cycles to complete. In the first clock cycle of the 2nd phase, the first stage of Chi is computed for the first lane halves of the state. In the second clock cycle, the new first lane halves are output and written to state register. At the same time, the first stage of Chi is computed for the second lane halves. In the third clock cycle, the new second lane halves are output and written to the state register.
The 800 DOM multipliers need 800 bits of fresh entropy for remasking. If fresh entropy is not available, the DOM multipliers do not move forward and the 2nd phase will take more than three clock cycles. Processing a Keccak_f (1600 bit state) takes a total of 96 cycles (24 rounds X 4 cycles/round) including the 1st and 2nd phases.
If the masking compile time option is enabled, Keccak round logic requires an additional 3200 flip flops to store the intermediate half state inside the 800 DOM multipliers. In addition to that Keccak round logic needs two sets of the same Theta, Rho, and Pi functions. As a result, the masked Keccak round logic takes more than twice as much as area than the unmasked version of it.
Padding logic supports SHA3/SHAKE/cSHAKE algorithms. cSHAKE needs the extra inputs for the Function-name N and the Customization string S. Other than that, SHA3, SHAKE, and cSHAKE share similar datapath inside the padding module except the last part added next to the end of the message. SHA3 adds 2'b 10, SHAKE adds 4'b 1111, cSHAKE adds 2'b00 then pad10*1() follows. All are little-endian values.
Interface between this padding logic and the MSG_FIFO follows the conventional FIFO interface. So prim_fifo_* can talk to the padding logic directly. This module talks to Keccak round logic with a more memory-like interface. The interface has an additional address signal on top of the valid, ready, and data signals.
The hashing process begins when the software issues the start command to CMD . If cSHAKE is enabled, the padding logic expands the prefix value (N || S above) into a block size. The block size is determined by the CFG.kstrength . If the value is 128, the block size will be 168 bytes. If it is 256, the block size will be 136 bytes. The expanded prefix value is transmitted to the Keccak round logic. After sending the block size, the padding logic triggers the Keccak round logic to run a full 24 rounds.
If the mode is not cSHAKE, or cSHAKE mode and the prefix block has been processed, the padding logic accepts the incoming message bitstream and forward the data to the Keccak round logic in a block granularity. The padding logic controls the data flow and makes the Keccak logic to run after sending a block size.
After the software writes the message bitstream, it should issue the Process command into CMD register. The padding logic, after receiving the Process command, appends proper ending bits with respect to the CFG.mode value. The logic writes 0 up to the block size to the Keccak round logic then ends with 1 at the end of the block.
After the Keccak round completes the last block, the padding logic asserts an absorbed signal to notify the software. The signal generates the kmac_done interrupt. At this point, the software is able to read the digest in STATE memory region. If the output length is greater than the Keccak block rate in SHAKE and cSHAKE mode, the software may run the Keccak round manually by issuing Run command to CMD register.
The software completes the operation by issuing Done command after reading the digest. The padding logic clears internal variables and goes back to Idle state.
KMAC core prepends and appends additional bitstream on top of Keccak padding logic in SHA3 core. The NIST SP 800-185 defines KMAC[128,256](K, X, L, S) as a cSHAKE function. See the section 4.3 in NIST SP 800-185 for details. If KMAC is enabled, the software should configure CMD.mode to cSHAKE and the first six bytes of PREFIX to 0x01204B4D4143 (bigendian). The first six bytes of PREFIX represents the value of encode_string("KMAC").
The KMAC padding logic prepends a block containing the encoded secret key to the output message. The KMAC first sends the block of secret key then accepts the incoming message bitstream. At the end of the message, the software writes right_encode(output_length) to MSG_FIFO prior to issue Process command.
The KMAC HWIP has a compile-time configurable depth message FIFO inside. The message FIFO receives incoming message bitstream regardless of its byte position in a word. Then it packs the partial message bytes into the internal 64 bit data width. After packing the data, the logic stores the data into the FIFO until the internal KMAC/SHA3 engine consumes the data.
The depth of the message FIFO is chosen to cover the throughput of the software or other producers such as DMA engine. The size of the message FIFO is enough to hold the incoming data while the SHA3 engine is processing the previous block. Details are in kmac_pkg::MsgFifoDepth parameter. Default design parameters assume the system characteristics as below:
kmac_pkg::RegLatency: The register write takes 5 cycles.kmac_pkg::Sha3Latency: Keccak round latency takes 96 cycles, which is the masked version of the Keccak round.If the SW is slow and the SHA3 engine pops the data fast enough, the Message FIFO‘s depth may remain 0. The Message FIFO’s fifo_empty signal, however, is lowered for a cycle. This enables the HW to fire the interrupt even the FIFO remains empty.
However, the recommended approach to write messages is:
STATUS.fifo_depth. This represents the number of entry slots currently occupied in the FIFO.<max number of fifo entries> - <STATUS.fifo_depth>) * <entry size>.In code, this looks something like:
/** * Absorb input data into the Keccak computation. * * Assumes that the KMAC block is in the "absorb" state; it is the caller's * responsibility to check before calling. * * @param in Input buffer. * @param in_len Length of input buffer (bytes). * @return Number of bytes written. */ size_t kmac_absorb(const uint8_t *in, size_t in_len) { // Read FIFO depth from the status register. uint32_t status = abs_mmio_read32(kBase + KMAC_STATUS_REG_OFFSET); uint32_t fifo_depth = bitfield_field32_read(status, KMAC_STATUS_FIFO_DEPTH_FIELD); // Calculate the remaining space in the FIFO using auto-generated KMAC // parameters and take the minimum of that space and the input length. size_t free_entries = (KMAC_PARAM_NUM_ENTRIES_MSG_FIFO - fifo_depth); size_t max_len = free_entries * KMAC_PARAM_NUM_BYTES_MSG_FIFO_ENTRY; size_t write_len = (in_len < max_len) ? in_len : max_len; // Note: this example uses byte-writes for simplicity, but in practice it // would be more efficient to use word-writes for aligned full words and // byte-writes only as needed at the beginning and end of the input. for (size_t i = 0; i < write_len; i++) { abs_mmio_write8(kBase + KMAC_MSG_FIFO_REG_OFFSET, in[i]); } return write_len; }
The method recommended above is always safe. However, in specific contexts, it may be okay to skip polling STATUS.fifo_depth. Normally, KMAC will process data faster than software can write it, and back pressure on the FIFO interface, should ensure that writes from software will simply block until KMAC can process messages. The only reason for polling, then, is to prevent a specific deadlock scenario:
If either the entropy wait timer is nonzero or kmac_en is false (so KMAC will not be refreshing entropy), it is safe to write to the FIFO without polling STATUS.fifo_depth. However, this should be done carefully, and tests should always cover the scenario in which EDN is locked up.
The message FIFO does not generate the masked message data. Incoming message bitstream is not sensitive to the leakage. If the EnMasking parameter is set and CFG_SHADOWED.msg_mask is enabled, the message is masked upon loading into the Keccak core using the internal entropy generator. The secret key, however, is stored as masked form always.
If the EnMasking parameter is not set, the masking is disabled. Then, the software has to provide the key in unmasked form by default. Any write operations to KEY_SHARE1_0 - KEY_SHARE1_15 are ignored.
If the EnMasking parameter is not set and the SwKeyMasked parameter is set, software has to provide the key in masked form. Internally, the design then unmasks the key by XORing the two key shares together when loading the key into the engine. This is useful when software interface compatibility between the masked and unmasked configuration is desirable.
If the EnMasking parameter is set, the SwKeyMasked parameter has no effect: Software always provides the key in two shares.
After the Keccak round completes the KMAC/SHA3 operation, the contents of the Keccak state contain the digest value. The software can access the 1600 bit of the Keccak state directly through the window of the KMAC/SHA3 register.
If the compile-time parameter masking feature is enabled, the upper 256B of the window is the second share of the Keccak state. If not, the upper address space is zero value. The software reads both of the Keccak state shares and XORed in the software to get the unmasked digest value if masking feature is set.
The Keccak state is valid after the sponge absorbing process is completed. While in an idle state or in the sponge absorbing stage, the value is zero. This ensures that the logic does not expose the secret key XORed with the keccak_f results of the prefix to the software. In addition to that, the KMAC/SHA3 blocks the software access to the Keccak state when it processes the request from KeyMgr for Key Derivation Function (KDF).
KMAC/SHA3 HWIP has an option to receive the secret key from the KeyMgr via sideload key interface. The software should set CFG.sideload to use the KeyMgr sideloaded key for the SW-initiated KMAC operation. keymgr_pkg::hw_key_t defines the structure of the sideloaded key. KeyMgr provides the sideloaded key in two-share masked form regardless of the compile-time parameter EnMasking. If EnMasking is not defined, the KMAC merges the shared key to the unmasked form before uses the key.
The IP has N number of the application interface. The apps connected to the KMAC IP may initiate the SHA3/cSHAKE/KMAC hashing operation via the application interface kmac_pkg::app_{req|rsp}_t. The type of the hashing operation is determined in the compile-time parameter kmac_pkg::AppCfg.
| Index | App | Algorithm | Prefix |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | KeyMgr | KMAC | CSR prefix |
| 1 | LC_CTRL | cSHAKE128 | “LC_CTRL” |
| 2 | ROM_CTRL | cSHAKE256 | “ROM_CTRL” |
In the current version of IP, the IP has three application interfaces, which are KeyMgr, LC_CTRL, and ROM_CTRL. KeyMgr uses the KMAC operation with CSR prefix value. LC_CTRL and ROM_CTRL use the cSHAKE operation with the compile-time parameter prefixes.
The app sends 64-bit data (MsgWidth) in a beat with the message strobe signal. The state machine inside the AppIntf logic starts when it receives the first valid data from any of the AppIntf. The AppIntf module chooses the winner based on the fixed priority. Then it forwards the selected App to the next stage. Because this logic sees the first valid data as an initiator, the Apps cannot run the hashing operation with an empty message. After the logic switches to accept the message bitstream from the selected App, if the hashing operation is KMAC, the logic forces the sideloaded key to be used as a secret. Also it ignores the command issued from the software. Instead it generates the commands and sends them to the KMAC core.
The last beat of the App data moves the state machine to append the encoded output length if the hashing operation is KMAC. The output length is the digest width, which is 256 bit always. It means that the logic appends 0x020100 (little-endian) to the end of the message. The output data from this logic goes to MSG_FIFO. Because the MSG_FIFO handles un-aligned data inside, KeyMgr interface logic sends the encoded output length value in a separate beat.
After the encoded output length is pushed to the KMAC core, the interface logic issues a Process command to run the hashing logic.
After hashing operation is completed, KMAC does not raise a kmac_done interrupt; rather it triggers the done status in the App response channel. The result digest always comes in two shares. If the EnMasking parameter is not set, the second share is always zero.
This section explains the entropy generator inside the KMAC HWIP.
KMAC has an entropy generator to provide the design with pseudo-random numbers while processing the secret key block. The entropy is used for both remasking the DOM multipliers inside the Chi function of the Keccak core as well as for masking the message if CFG_SHADOWED.msg_mask is enabled.
The entropy generator is made up of 25 32-bit linear feedback shift registers (LFSRs). This allows the module to generate 800 bits of fresh, pseudo-random numbers required by the 800 DOM multipliers for remasking in every clock cycle. To break linear shift patterns, each LFSR features a non-linear layer. In addition an 800-bit wide permutation spanning across all LFSRs is used.
Depending on CFG_SHADOWED.entropy_mode, the entropy generator fetches initial entropy from the Entropy Distribution Network (EDN) module or software has to provide a seed by writing the ENTROPY_SEED_0 - ENTROPY_SEED_4 registers in ascending order. The module periodically refreshes the LFSR seeds with the new entropy from EDN.
To limit the entropy consumption for reseeding, a cascaded reseeding mechanism is used. Per reseeding operation, the entropy generator consumes five times 32 bits of entropy from EDN, one 32-bit word at a time. These five 32-bit words are directly fed into LFSRs 0/5/10/15/20 for reseeding. At the same time, the previous states of LFSRs 0/5/10/15/20 from before the reseeding operation are permuted and then forwarded to reseed LFSRs 1/6/11/16/21. Similarly, the previous states of LFSRs 1/6/11/16/21 from before the reseeding operation are permuted and then forwarded to reseed LFSRs 2/7/12/17/22. Software can still request a complete reseed of all 25 LFSRs from EDN by subsequently triggering five reseeding operations through CMD.entropy_req.
This section explains the errors KMAC HWIP raises during the hashing operations, their meanings, and the error handling process.
KMAC HWIP has the error checkers in its internal datapath. If the checkers detect errors, whether they are triggered by the SW mis-configure, or HW malfunctions, they report the error to ERR_CODE and raise an kmac_error interrupt. Each error code gives debugging information at the lower 24 bits of ERR_CODE.
| Value | Error Code | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 0x01 | KeyNotValid | In KMAC mode with the sideloaded key, the IP raises an error if the sideloaded secret key is not ready. |
| 0x02 | SwPushedMsgFifo | MsgFifo is updated while not being in the Message Feed state. |
| 0x03 | SwIssuedCmdInAppActive | SW issued a command while the application interface is being used |
| 0x04 | WaitTimerExpired | EDN has not responded within the wait timer limit. |
| 0x05 | IncorrectEntropyMode | When SW sets entropy_ready, the entropy_mode is neither SW nor EDN. |
| 0x06 | UnexpectedModeStrength | SHA3 mode and Keccak Strength combination is not expected. |
| 0x07 | IncorrectFunctionName | In KMAC mode, the PREFIX has the value other than encoded_string("KMAC") |
| 0x08 | SwCmdSequence | SW does not follow the guided sequence, start -> process -> {run ->} done |
| 0x09 | SwHashingWithoutEntropyReady | SW requests KMAC op without proper config of Entropy in KMAC. This error occurs if KMAC IP masking feature is enabled. |
| 0x80 | Sha3Control | SW may receive Sha3Control error along with SwCmdSequence error. Can be ignored. |
The KeyNotValid error is raised in the application interface module. When a KMAC application requests a hashing operation, the module checks if the sideloaded key is ready. If the key is not ready, the module reports KeyNotValid error and moves to dead-end state and waits the IP reset.
This error does not provide any additional information.
The SwPushedMsgFifo error happens when the Message FIFO receives TL-UL transactions while the application interface is busy. The Message FIFO drops the request.
The IP reports the error with an info field.
| Bits | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| [23:16] | reserved | all zero |
| [15:8] | kmac_app_st | KMAC_APP FSM state. |
| [7:0] | mux_sel | Current APP Mux selection. 0: None, 1: SW, 2: App |
If the SW issues any commands while the application interface is being used, the module reports SwIssuedCmdInAppActive error. The received command does not affect the Application process. The request is dropped by the KMAC_APP module.
The lower 3 bits of ERR_CODE contains the received command from the SW.
The SW may set the EDN wait timer to exit from EDN request state if the response from EDN takes long. If the timer expires, the module cancels the transaction and report the WaitTimerExpired error.
When this error happens, the state machine in KMAC_ENTROPY module moves to Wait state. In that state, it keeps using the pre-generated entropy and asserting the entropy valid signal. It asserts the entropy valid signal to complete the current hashing operation. If the module does not complete, or flush the pending operation, it creates the back pressure to the message FIFO. Then, the SW may not be able to access the KMAC IP at all, as the crossbar is stuck.
The SW may move the state machine to the reset state by issuing CFG.err_processed.
If SW misconfigures the entropy mode and let the entropy module prepare the random data, the module reports IncorrectEntropyMode error. The state machine moves to Wait state after reporting the error.
The SW may move the state machine to the reset state by issuing CFG.err_processed.
When the SW issues Start command, the KMAC_ERRCHK module checks the CFG.mode and CFG.kstrength. The KMAC HWIP assumes the combinations of two to be SHA3-224, SHA3-256, SHA3-384, SHA3-512, SHAKE-128, SHAKE-256, cSHAKE-128, and cSHAKE-256. If the combination of the mode and kstrength does not fall into above, the module reports the UnexpectedModeStrength error.
However, the KMAC HWIP proceeds the hashing operation as other combinations does not cause any malfunctions inside the IP. The SW may get the incorrect digest value.
If CFG.kmac_en is set and the SW issues the Start command, the KMAC_ERRCHK checks if the PREFIX has correct function name, encode_string("KMAC"). If the value does not match to the byte form of encode_string("KMAC") (0x4341_4D4B_2001), it reports the IncorrectFunctionName error.
As same as UnexpectedModeStrength error, this error does not block the hashing operation. The SW may get the incorrect signature value.
The KMAC_ERRCHK module checks the SW issued commands if it follows the guideline. If the SW issues the command that is not relevant to the current context, the module reports the SwCmdSequence error. The lower 3bits of the ERR_CODE contains the received command.
This error, however, does not stop the KMAC HWIP. The incorrect command is dropped at the following datapath, SHA3 core.
The software can update the KMAC/SHA3 configurations only when the IP is in the idle state. The software should check STATUS.sha3_idle before updating the configurations. The software must first program CFG.msg_endianness and CFG.state_endianness at the initialization stage. These determine the byte order of incoming messages (msg_endianness) and the Keccak state output (state_endianness).
This section describes the expected software process to run the KMAC/SHA3 HWIP. At first, the software configures CFG.kmac_en for KMAC operation. If KMAC is enabled, the software should configure CFG.mode to cSHAKE and CFG.kstrength to 128 or 256 bit security strength. The software also updates PREFIX registers if cSHAKE mode is used. Current design does not convert cSHAKE mode to SHAKE even if PREFIX is empty string. It is the software's responsibility to change the CFG.mode to SHAKE in case of empty PREFIX. The KMAC/SHA3 HWIP uses PREFIX registers as it is. It means that the software should update PREFIX with encoded values.
If CFG.kmac_en is set, the software should update the secret key. The software prepares two shares of the secret key and selects its length in KEY_LEN then writes the shares of the secret key to KEY_SHARE0 and KEY_SHARE1 . The two shares of the secret key are the values that represent the secret key value when they are XORed together. The software can XOR the unmasked secret key with entropy. The XORed value is a share and the entropy used is the other share.
After configuring, the software notifies the KMAC/SHA3 engine to accept incoming messages by issuing Start command into CMD . If Start command is not issued, the incoming message is discarded. If KMAC is enabled, the software pushes the right_encode(output_length) value at the end of the message. For example, if the desired output length is 256 bit, the software writes 0x00020100 to MSG_FIFO.
After the software pushes all messages, it issues Process command to CMD for SHA3 engine to complete the sponge absorbing process. SHA3 hashing engine pads the incoming message as defined in the SHA3 specification.
After the SHA3 engine completes the sponge absorbing step, it generates kmac_done interrupt. Or the software can poll the STATUS.squeeze bit until it becomes 1. In this stage, the software may run the Keccak round manually.
If the desired digest length is greater than the Keccak rate, the software issues Run command for the Keccak round logic to run one full round after the software reads the current available Keccak state. At this stage, KMAC/SHA3 does not raise an interrupt when the Keccak round completes the software initiated manual run. The software should check STATUS.squeeze register field for the readiness of STATE value.
After the software reads all the digest values, it issues Done command to CMD register to clear the internal states. Done command clears the Keccak state, FSM in SHA3 and KMAC, and a few internal variables. Secret key and other software programmed values won't be reset.
This KMAC HWIP operates in little-endian. Internal SHA3 hashing engine receives in 64-bit granularity. The data written to SHA3 is assumed to be little endian.
The software may write/read the data in big-endian order if CFG.msg_endianness or CFG.state_endianness is set. If the endianness bit is 1, the data is assumed to be big-endian. So, the internal logic byte-swap the data. For example, when the software writes 0xDEADBEEF with endianness as 1, the logic converts it to 0xEFBEADDE then writes into MSG_FIFO.
The software managed secret key, and the prefix are always little-endian values. For example, if the software configures the function name N in KMAC operation, it writes encode_string("KMAC"). The encode_string("KMAC") represents 0x01 0x20 0x4b 0x4d 0x41 0x43 in byte order. The software writes 0x4d4b2001 into PREFIX0 and 0x????4341 into PREFIX1 . Upper 2 bytes can vary depending on the customization input string S.
This version of KMAC/SHA3 HWIP does not support the software context switching. A context switching scheme would allow software to save the current hashing engine state and initiate a new high priority hashing operation. It could restore the previous hashing state later and continue the operation.