OTBN, the OpenTitan Big Number accelerator, is a cryptographic accelerator. For detailed information on OTBN design features, see the OTBN HWIP technical specification.
The OTBN testbench is based on the CIP testbench architecture. It builds on the dv_utils and csr_utils packages.
OTBN testing makes use of a DPI-based model called otbn_core_model. This is shown in the block diagram. The dotted interfaces in the otbn block are bound in by the model to access internal signals (register file and memory contents).
The top-level testbench is located at hw/ip/otbn/dv/uvm/tb.sv. This instantiates the OTBN DUT module hw/ip/otbn/rtl/otbn.sv.
OTBN has the following interfaces:
idle_o, and idle_otp_oThe idle and interrupt signals are modelled with the basic pins_if interface.
As well as instantiating OTBN, the testbench also instantiates an otbn_core_model. This module wraps an ISS (instruction set simulator) subprocess and performs checks to make sure that OTBN behaves the same as the ISS. The otbn_core_model module communicates with test sequences through an otbn_model_if interface, which is monitored by the otbn_model_agent, described below. The module communicates with the Python subprocess as shown in the diagram below.
The model agent is instantiated by the testbench to monitor the OTBN model. It is a passive agent (essentially just a monitor): the inputs to the model are set in tb.sv. The monitor for the agent generates transactions when it sees a start signal or a done signal.
The start signal is important because we “cheat” and pull it out of the DUT. To make sure that the processor is starting when we expect, we check start transactions against TL writes in the scoreboard.
The main reference model for OTBN is the instruction set simulator (ISS), which is run as a subprocess by DPI code inside otbn_core_model. This Python-based simulator can be found at hw/ip/otbn/dv/otbnsim.
When testing OTBN, we are careful to distinguish between
Testing lots of different instruction streams doesn‘t really use the UVM machinery, so we have a “pre-DV” phase of testing that generates constrained-random instruction streams (as ELF binaries) and runs a simple block-level simulation on each to check that the RTL matches the model. The idea is that this is much quicker for designers to use to smoke-test proposed changes, and can be run with Verilator, so it doesn’t require an EDA tool licence. This pre-DV phase cannot drive sign-off, but it does use much of the same tooling.
Once we are running full DV tests, we re-use this work, by using the same collection of randomised instruction streams and randomly picking from them for most of the sequences. At the moment, the full DV tests create binaries on the fly by running hw/ip/otbn/dv/uvm/gen-binaries.py. This results in one or more ELF files in a directory, which the simulation then picks from at random.
The pre-DV testing doesn't address external stimuli like resets or TileLink-based register accesses. These are driven by specialised test sequences, described below.
As a complicated IP block, OTBN has a lot of functional coverage points defined. To avoid overwhelming this document, these are described in OTBN functional coverage.
The test sequences can be found in hw/ip/otbn/dv/uvm/env/seq_lib. The basic test sequence (otbn_base_vseq) loads the instruction stream from a randomly chosen binary (see above), configures OTBN and then lets it run to completion.
More specialized sequences include things like multiple runs, register accesses during operation (which should fail) and memory corruption. We also check things like the correct operation of the interrupt registers.
Much of the checking for these tests is actually performed in otbn_core_model, which ensures that the RTL and ISS have the same behaviour. However, the scoreboard does have some checks, to ensure that interrupt and idle signals are high at the expected times.
Core TLUL protocol assertions are checked by binding the TL-UL protocol checker into the design.
Outputs are also checked for 'X values by assertions in the design RTL. The design RTL contains other assertions defined by the designers, which will be checked in simulation (and won't have been checked by the pre-DV Verilator simulations).
Finally, the otbn_idle_checker checks that the idle_o output correctly matches the running state that you'd expect, based on writes to the CMD register and responses that will appear in the DONE interrupt.
Tests can be run with dvsim.py. The link gives details of the tool's features and command line arguments. To run a basic smoke test, go to the top of the repository and run:
$ util/dvsim/dvsim.py hw/ip/otbn/dv/uvm/otbn_sim_cfg.hjson -i otbn_smoke