// Copyright 2020 The IREE Authors
//
// Licensed under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception

//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
// iree-benchmark-module: benchmarks public functions in an IREE VM module
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
// This runs exported functions using flags specified on the command line.
// Each function is measured independently and the numbers reported will be for
// the full end-to-end CPU and wall times.
//
// From an ML perspective this is an integration benchmark for measuring total
// user-visible latency of model entry points. It is *not* a microbenchmarking
// tool for individual device-side dispatch functions (aka ops aka kernels).
// If interested in the precise time of a particular dispatch then tracy,
// executable_library_benchmark, and platform/vendor tooling (nsight, perf, etc)
// are to be used instead and attaching them to this tool is often useful in
// order to get a large sample set.
//
// By default all functions taking no inputs will be benchmarked. If a function
// takes inputs then the user will need to specify them using --input=
// flags. Depending on the input program the -iree-flow-export-benchmark-funcs
// flag can be passed to the compiler to attempt to wrap each function with
// dummy inputs however this will fail in programs with dynamically shaped
// inputs. The workaround for avoiding the need for flags is to provide the
// input program in a form with no inputs from the start.
//
// It's important to remember that IREE is not a BLAS library and is meant to
// run entire programs. It's not generally appropriate to benchmark a model with
// a single matmul, for example, as that's just treating IREE as a BLAS library.
// Note also that user-level ops in a frontend environment don't map to the
// dispatches that IREE executes: IREE is a compiler like any other and does not
// guarantee a source line of code translates into an atomically divisible and
// independently measurable execution command. In other words don't expect to be
// able to benchmark the cost of a broadcasting elementwise tf.add op within a
// model: by the time we are running the program that's fused itself into a
// single machine instruction operating as part of some other ops.
//
// For coarse dispatch testing and triaging it can still be useful to remove
// some of the overheads introduced by whole-program execution and the compiler
// flag --iree-hal-benchmark-dispatch-repeat-count=N is provided to enable
// batching. Whatever N is chosen must then be passed to this tool via
// --batch_size=N so that the benchmark reporting properly reflects the
// batching. As an example --iree-hal-benchmark-dispatch-repeat-count=32 +
// --batch_size=32 will reduce the overheads by 32x. Think of this as a way to
// control the p value in Amdahl's law representing the amount of time spent in
// dispatches relative to the rest of the program. This isn't representative of
// how the full program will run, though, and YMMV. Always verify timings with
// an appropriate device-specific tool before trusting the more generic and
// higher-level numbers from this tool.

#include <array>
#include <cstdio>
#include <iterator>
#include <string>
#include <type_traits>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>

#include "benchmark/benchmark.h"
#include "iree/base/api.h"
#include "iree/base/tooling/flags.h"
#include "iree/hal/api.h"
#include "iree/hal/replay/recorder.h"
#include "iree/modules/hal/types.h"
#include "iree/tooling/context_util.h"
#include "iree/tooling/device_util.h"
#include "iree/tooling/function_io.h"
#include "iree/vm/api.h"

constexpr char kNanosecondsUnitString[] = "ns";
constexpr char kMicrosecondsUnitString[] = "us";
constexpr char kMillisecondsUnitString[] = "ms";

// TODO(hanchung): Extract the batch size using
// iree_vm_function_lookup_attr_by_name.
IREE_FLAG(int32_t, batch_size, 1,
          "Number of invocations per iteration, which for dispatch benchmarks "
          "must match the --iree-hal-benchmark-dispatch-repeat-count value "
          "used during compilation.");
IREE_FLAG(int32_t, batch_concurrency, 1,
          "Number of invocations within a batch that should run concurrently.");
IREE_FLAG(bool, agents_md, false,
          "Prints AGENTS.md guidance for iree-benchmark-module replay capture "
          "and exits.");

IREE_FLAG(string, function, "",
          "Name of a function contained in the module specified by --module= "
          "to run. If this is not set, all the exported functions will be "
          "benchmarked and they are expected to not have input arguments.");

IREE_FLAG(bool, print_statistics, false,
          "Prints runtime statistics to stderr on exit.");

IREE_FLAG_LIST(
    string, input,
    "An input value or buffer of the format:\n"
    "  [shape]xtype=[value]\n"
    "  --input=\"2x2xi32=1 2 3 4\"\n"
    "Optionally, brackets may be used to separate the element values:\n"
    "  --input=\"2x2xi32=[[1 2][3 4]]\"\n"
    "Raw binary files can be read to provide buffer contents:\n"
    "  --input=2x2xi32=@some/file.bin\n"
    "numpy npy files (from numpy.save) can be read to provide 1+ values:\n"
    "  --input=@some.npy\n"
    "Each occurrence of the flag indicates an input in the order they were\n"
    "specified on the command line.");

static iree_status_t parse_time_unit(iree_string_view_t flag_name,
                                     void* storage, iree_string_view_t value) {
  auto* unit = (std::pair<bool, benchmark::TimeUnit>*)storage;
  auto unit_string = std::string(value.data, value.size);
  if (unit_string == kMillisecondsUnitString) {
    *unit = {true, benchmark::kMillisecond};
    return iree_ok_status();
  } else if (unit_string == kMicrosecondsUnitString) {
    *unit = {true, benchmark::kMicrosecond};
    return iree_ok_status();
  } else if (unit_string == kNanosecondsUnitString) {
    *unit = {true, benchmark::kNanosecond};
    return iree_ok_status();
  }
  return iree_make_status(IREE_STATUS_INVALID_ARGUMENT,
                          "unsupported time unit");
}
static void print_time_unit(iree_string_view_t flag_name, void* storage,
                            FILE* file) {
  auto* unit = (std::pair<bool, benchmark::TimeUnit>*)storage;
  if (!unit->first) {
    return;
  }
  std::string unit_string;
  switch (unit->second) {
    case benchmark::kMillisecond:
      unit_string = kMillisecondsUnitString;
      break;
    case benchmark::kMicrosecond:
      unit_string = kMicrosecondsUnitString;
      break;
    case benchmark::kNanosecond:
      unit_string = kNanosecondsUnitString;
      break;
    default:
      assert(false && "Unexpected time unit.");
  }
  fprintf(file, "--%.*s=\"%s\"\n", (int)flag_name.size, flag_name.data,
          unit_string.c_str());
}
// Time unit to be printed. If the first field is false, each place will use its
// default time unit.
static std::pair<bool, benchmark::TimeUnit> FLAG_time_unit = {
    false, benchmark::kNanosecond};
IREE_FLAG_CALLBACK(
    parse_time_unit, print_time_unit, &FLAG_time_unit, time_unit,
    "The time unit to be printed in the results. Can be 'ms', 'us', or 'ns'.");

static iree_hal_profiling_from_flags_t* g_profiling = nullptr;

namespace iree {
namespace {

static const char kIreeBenchmarkModuleUsage[] =
    "Benchmarks exported functions from a compiled IREE module.\n"
    "\n"
    "Replay capture wraps the resolved HAL device group after normal "
    "--device=\n"
    "selection. Use --device_replay_output=path.ireereplay to record the HAL\n"
    "work issued by the benchmark. The recorder is closed after benchmark\n"
    "execution so the output file is complete when the tool exits.\n"
    "\n"
    "Replay capture flags:\n"
    "  --device_replay_output=path.ireereplay\n"
    "      Writes a HAL replay stream.\n"
    "  --device_replay_file_policy=reference|capture-ranges|capture-all|fail\n"
    "      Controls imported fd-backed HAL files such as parameter archives.\n"
    "  --device_replay_file_validation=identity|digest\n"
    "      Validation for referenced fd-backed files.\n"
    "  --agents_md\n"
    "      Prints AGENTS.md guidance specific to iree-benchmark-module "
    "capture.\n"
    "      Use `iree-run-replay --agents_md` for the full replay tool "
    "playbook.\n";

static void PrintBenchmarkModuleAgentMarkdown(FILE* file) {
  fputs(
      "# iree-benchmark-module Replay Capture\n"
      "\n"
      "`iree-benchmark-module` can capture the HAL work issued by benchmark\n"
      "iterations with `--device_replay_output=/path/to/model.ireereplay`.\n"
      "Capture flags compose with normal Google Benchmark controls.\n"
      "\n"
      "Synchronous and dispatch benchmarks record replay `execute` scopes "
      "around\n"
      "the VM invoke/list reset body. Asynchronous benchmarks record the "
      "scope\n"
      "around the resumed timing interval and keep batch setup and cleanup "
      "outside\n"
      "the selected scope. Use `iree-benchmark-replay --replay_scope=execute` "
      "to\n"
      "time the same region later while replay still executes the full "
      "captured\n"
      "stream.\n"
      "\n"
      "Use `--device_replay_file_policy=reference` for large stable parameter\n"
      "archives and `--device_replay_file_validation=identity` unless the "
      "files\n"
      "will move across filesystems and need digest validation.\n"
      "\n"
      "For replay execution, executable substitution, file remapping, dump "
      "JSONL,\n"
      "and the shared replay failure contract, pipe `iree-run-replay "
      "--agents_md`\n"
      "into your AGENTS.md.\n",
      file);
}

static void BeginReplayExecuteScope(iree_hal_replay_recorder_t* recorder) {
  if (!recorder) return;
  IREE_CHECK_OK(
      iree_hal_replay_recorder_scope_begin(recorder, IREE_SV("execute")));
}

static void EndReplayExecuteScope(iree_hal_replay_recorder_t* recorder) {
  if (!recorder) return;
  IREE_CHECK_OK(
      iree_hal_replay_recorder_scope_end(recorder, IREE_SV("execute")));
}

static void BenchmarkGenericFunction(
    const std::string& benchmark_name, int32_t batch_size,
    iree_hal_replay_recorder_t* recorder, iree_hal_device_t* device,
    iree_vm_context_t* context, iree_vm_function_t function,
    iree_vm_list_t* inputs, benchmark::State& state) {
  IREE_TRACE_ZONE_BEGIN_NAMED_DYNAMIC(z0, benchmark_name.data(),
                                      benchmark_name.size());
  IREE_TRACE_FRAME_MARK();

  vm::ref<iree_vm_list_t> outputs;
  IREE_CHECK_OK(iree_vm_list_create(iree_vm_make_undefined_type_def(), 16,
                                    iree_allocator_system(), &outputs));

  // Benchmarking loop.
  while (state.KeepRunningBatch(batch_size)) {
    IREE_TRACE_ZONE_BEGIN_NAMED(z1, "BenchmarkIteration");
    IREE_TRACE_FRAME_MARK_NAMED("Iteration");
    BeginReplayExecuteScope(recorder);
    IREE_CHECK_OK(iree_vm_invoke(
        context, function, IREE_VM_INVOCATION_FLAG_NONE, /*policy=*/nullptr,
        inputs, outputs.get(), iree_allocator_system()));
    IREE_CHECK_OK(iree_vm_list_resize(outputs.get(), 0));
    EndReplayExecuteScope(recorder);
    IREE_TRACE_ZONE_END(z1);
    if (device) {
      state.PauseTiming();
      IREE_CHECK_OK(iree_hal_flush_profiling_from_flags(g_profiling));
      state.ResumeTiming();
    }
  }
  state.SetItemsProcessed(state.iterations());

  IREE_TRACE_ZONE_END(z0);
}

void RegisterGenericBenchmark(const std::string& function_name,
                              iree_hal_replay_recorder_t* recorder,
                              iree_hal_device_t* device,
                              iree_vm_context_t* context,
                              iree_vm_function_t function,
                              iree_vm_list_t* inputs) {
  auto benchmark_name = "BM_" + function_name;
  int32_t batch_size = FLAG_batch_size;
  benchmark::RegisterBenchmark(benchmark_name.c_str(),
                               [=](benchmark::State& state) -> void {
                                 BenchmarkGenericFunction(
                                     benchmark_name, batch_size, recorder,
                                     device, context, function, inputs, state);
                               })
      // By default only the main thread is included in CPU time. Include all
      // the threads instead.
      ->MeasureProcessCPUTime()
      // To make single and multi-threaded benchmarks more comparable, use the
      // wall time to determine how many iterations to run. See
      // https://github.com/google/benchmark#cpu-timers,
      ->UseRealTime()
      ->Unit(FLAG_time_unit.first ? FLAG_time_unit.second
                                  : benchmark::kMillisecond);
}

// Runs up to |batch_size| pipelined invocations in sequence along with
// concurrency. Example:
//   batch_size=1, concurrency=1:
//     [invocation 0]
//   batch_size=2, concurrency=1:
//     [invocation 0] -> [invocation 1]
//   batch_size=2, concurrency=2:
//     [invocation 0]
//     [invocation 1]
//   batch_size=4, concurrency=2:
//     [invocation 0] -> [invocation 2]
//     [invocation 1] -> [invocation 3]
static void BenchmarkAsyncFunction(
    const std::string& benchmark_name, int32_t batch_size,
    int32_t batch_concurrency, iree_hal_replay_recorder_t* recorder,
    iree_hal_device_t* device, iree_vm_context_t* context,
    iree_vm_function_t function, iree_vm_list_t* common_inputs,
    benchmark::State& state) {
  IREE_TRACE_ZONE_BEGIN_NAMED_DYNAMIC(z0, benchmark_name.data(),
                                      benchmark_name.size());
  IREE_TRACE_FRAME_MARK();
  iree_allocator_t host_allocator = iree_allocator_system();

  // Round up batch size to some multiple of concurrency.
  batch_size = (int32_t)iree_host_align(batch_size, batch_concurrency);

  // Benchmarking loop.
  while (state.KeepRunningBatch(batch_size)) {
    state.PauseTiming();
    IREE_TRACE_ZONE_BEGIN_NAMED(z1, "BenchmarkIteration");
    IREE_TRACE_FRAME_MARK_NAMED("Iteration");

    IREE_TRACE_ZONE_BEGIN_NAMED(z_begin, "PrepareBatch");

    // Each concurrent track of execution gets its own semaphore.
    std::vector<vm::ref<iree_hal_semaphore_t>> timeline_semaphores;
    for (int32_t i = 0; i < batch_concurrency; ++i) {
      vm::ref<iree_hal_semaphore_t> timeline_semaphore;
      IREE_CHECK_OK(iree_hal_semaphore_create(
          device, IREE_HAL_QUEUE_AFFINITY_ANY, 0ull,
          IREE_HAL_SEMAPHORE_FLAG_DEFAULT, &timeline_semaphore));
      timeline_semaphores.push_back(std::move(timeline_semaphore));
    }

    // Preallocate fences and I/O for each invocation.
    // The same inputs are used for each but we need a unique list to hold the
    // unique fences. Each fence represents when the invocation has completed.
    std::vector<vm::ref<iree_hal_fence_t>> invocation_fences;
    std::vector<vm::ref<iree_vm_list_t>> invocation_inputs;
    std::vector<vm::ref<iree_vm_list_t>> invocation_outputs;
    vm::ref<iree_hal_fence_t> completion_fence;
    IREE_CHECK_OK(iree_hal_fence_create(batch_concurrency, host_allocator,
                                        &completion_fence));
    for (int32_t i = 0; i < batch_size / batch_concurrency; ++i) {
      for (int32_t j = 0; j < batch_concurrency; ++j) {
        // Chain each concurrent minibatch to the previous. Note that to start
        // we wait on nothing and begin executing immediately.
        vm::ref<iree_hal_fence_t> wait_fence;
        if (i > 0) {
          wait_fence = vm::retain_ref(
              invocation_fences[(i - 1) * batch_concurrency + j]);
        }
        uint64_t signal_value = i + 1;
        vm::ref<iree_hal_fence_t> signal_fence;
        IREE_CHECK_OK(iree_hal_fence_create_at(timeline_semaphores[j].get(),
                                               signal_value, host_allocator,
                                               &signal_fence));
        invocation_fences.push_back(vm::retain_ref(signal_fence));

        // Join the final minibatch on the completion fence.
        if (i == batch_size / batch_concurrency - 1) {
          IREE_CHECK_OK(iree_hal_fence_insert(completion_fence.get(),
                                              timeline_semaphores[j].get(),
                                              signal_value));
        }

        // Clone common inputs and add the invocation-specific fences.
        vm::ref<iree_vm_list_t> inputs;
        IREE_CHECK_OK(
            iree_vm_list_clone(common_inputs, host_allocator, &inputs));
        IREE_CHECK_OK(iree_vm_list_push_ref_move(inputs.get(), wait_fence));
        IREE_CHECK_OK(iree_vm_list_push_ref_move(inputs.get(), signal_fence));
        invocation_inputs.push_back(std::move(inputs));

        // Setup empty outputs.
        vm::ref<iree_vm_list_t> outputs;
        IREE_CHECK_OK(iree_vm_list_create(iree_vm_make_undefined_type_def(), 16,
                                          host_allocator, &outputs));
        invocation_outputs.push_back(std::move(outputs));
      }
    }

    IREE_TRACE_ZONE_END(z_begin);

    state.ResumeTiming();
    BeginReplayExecuteScope(recorder);
    {
      // TODO(benvanik): replace with async invocations. Today if the invocation
      // performs any waits this will block on the initial invoke instead of
      // actually overlapping things.
      for (int32_t i = 0; i < batch_size; ++i) {
        IREE_CHECK_OK(
            iree_vm_invoke(context, function, IREE_VM_INVOCATION_FLAG_NONE,
                           /*policy=*/nullptr, invocation_inputs[i].get(),
                           invocation_outputs[i].get(), host_allocator));
      }
      IREE_CHECK_OK(iree_hal_fence_wait(completion_fence.get(),
                                        iree_infinite_timeout(),
                                        IREE_ASYNC_WAIT_FLAG_NONE));
    }
    EndReplayExecuteScope(recorder);
    state.PauseTiming();

    IREE_TRACE_ZONE_BEGIN_NAMED(z_end, "CleanupBatch");
    for (int32_t i = 0; i < batch_size; ++i) {
      iree_vm_list_clear(invocation_outputs[i].get());
    }
    invocation_fences.clear();
    invocation_inputs.clear();
    invocation_outputs.clear();
    completion_fence.reset();
    timeline_semaphores.clear();
    IREE_TRACE_ZONE_END(z_end);

    IREE_TRACE_ZONE_END(z1);
    if (device) {
      IREE_CHECK_OK(iree_hal_flush_profiling_from_flags(g_profiling));
    }
    state.ResumeTiming();
  }
  state.SetItemsProcessed(state.iterations());

  IREE_TRACE_ZONE_END(z0);
}

void RegisterAsyncBenchmark(const std::string& function_name,
                            iree_hal_replay_recorder_t* recorder,
                            iree_hal_device_t* device,
                            iree_vm_context_t* context,
                            iree_vm_function_t function,
                            iree_vm_list_t* inputs) {
  auto benchmark_name = "BM_" + function_name;
  int32_t batch_size = FLAG_batch_size;
  int32_t batch_concurrency = FLAG_batch_concurrency;
  benchmark::RegisterBenchmark(benchmark_name.c_str(),
                               [=](benchmark::State& state) -> void {
                                 BenchmarkAsyncFunction(
                                     benchmark_name, batch_size,
                                     batch_concurrency, recorder, device,
                                     context, function, inputs, state);
                               })
      // By default only the main thread is included in CPU time. Include all
      // the threads instead.
      ->MeasureProcessCPUTime()
      // To make single and multi-threaded benchmarks more comparable, use the
      // wall time to determine how many iterations to run. See
      // https://github.com/google/benchmark#cpu-timers,
      ->UseRealTime()
      ->Unit(FLAG_time_unit.first ? FLAG_time_unit.second
                                  : benchmark::kMillisecond);
}

static void BenchmarkDispatchFunction(const std::string& benchmark_name,
                                      iree_hal_replay_recorder_t* recorder,
                                      iree_vm_context_t* context,
                                      iree_vm_function_t function,
                                      benchmark::State& state) {
  IREE_TRACE_ZONE_BEGIN_NAMED_DYNAMIC(z0, benchmark_name.data(),
                                      benchmark_name.size());
  IREE_TRACE_FRAME_MARK();

  vm::ref<iree_vm_list_t> inputs;
  IREE_CHECK_OK(iree_vm_list_create(iree_vm_make_undefined_type_def(), 16,
                                    iree_allocator_system(), &inputs));
  iree_vm_value_t batch_size = iree_vm_value_make_i32(FLAG_batch_size);
  IREE_CHECK_OK(iree_vm_list_push_value(inputs.get(), &batch_size));

  vm::ref<iree_vm_list_t> outputs;
  IREE_CHECK_OK(iree_vm_list_create(iree_vm_make_undefined_type_def(), 16,
                                    iree_allocator_system(), &outputs));

  // Benchmarking loop.
  while (state.KeepRunningBatch(FLAG_batch_size)) {
    IREE_TRACE_ZONE_BEGIN_NAMED(z1, "BenchmarkIteration");
    IREE_TRACE_FRAME_MARK_NAMED("Iteration");
    BeginReplayExecuteScope(recorder);
    IREE_CHECK_OK(iree_vm_invoke(
        context, function, IREE_VM_INVOCATION_FLAG_NONE, /*policy=*/nullptr,
        inputs.get(), outputs.get(), iree_allocator_system()));
    IREE_CHECK_OK(iree_vm_list_resize(outputs.get(), 0));
    EndReplayExecuteScope(recorder);
    IREE_TRACE_ZONE_END(z1);
  }
  state.SetItemsProcessed(state.iterations());

  IREE_TRACE_ZONE_END(z0);
}

void RegisterDispatchBenchmark(const std::string& function_name,
                               iree_hal_replay_recorder_t* recorder,
                               iree_vm_context_t* context,
                               iree_vm_function_t function) {
  auto benchmark_name = "BM_" + function_name;
  benchmark::RegisterBenchmark(benchmark_name.c_str(),
                               [benchmark_name, recorder, context,
                                function](benchmark::State& state) -> void {
                                 BenchmarkDispatchFunction(benchmark_name,
                                                           recorder, context,
                                                           function, state);
                               })
      // By default only the main thread is included in CPU time. Include all
      // the threads instead.
      ->MeasureProcessCPUTime()
      // To make single and multi-threaded benchmarks more comparable, use the
      // wall time to determine how many iterations to run. See
      // https://github.com/google/benchmark#cpu-timers,
      ->UseRealTime()
      ->Unit(FLAG_time_unit.first ? FLAG_time_unit.second
                                  : benchmark::kMicrosecond);
}

// The lifetime of IREEBenchmark should be as long as
// ::benchmark::RunSpecifiedBenchmarks() where the resources are used during
// benchmarking.
class IREEBenchmark {
 public:
  IREEBenchmark() { iree_tooling_module_list_initialize(&module_list_); }

  ~IREEBenchmark() {
    IREE_TRACE_SCOPE_NAMED("IREEBenchmark::dtor");
    IREE_CHECK_OK(Shutdown());
  };

  iree_status_t Shutdown() {
    // Order matters. Tear down modules first to release resources.
    inputs_.reset();
    context_.reset();
    iree_status_t status = CloseReplayCapture();
    iree_tooling_module_list_reset(&module_list_);
    instance_.reset();

    // Tear down device last in order to get accurate statistics.
    if (device_allocator_ && FLAG_print_statistics) {
      status = iree_status_join(status, iree_hal_allocator_statistics_fprint(
                                            stderr, device_allocator_.get()));
    }
    device_allocator_.reset();
    device_.reset();
    return status;
  }

  iree_hal_device_t* device() const { return device_.get(); }

  iree_status_t CloseReplayCapture() {
    if (!replay_recorder_) return iree_ok_status();
    iree_status_t status = iree_hal_replay_recorder_close(replay_recorder_);
    iree_hal_replay_recorder_release(replay_recorder_);
    replay_recorder_ = nullptr;
    return status;
  }

  iree_status_t Register() {
    IREE_TRACE_SCOPE_NAMED("IREEBenchmark::Register");

    if (!instance_ || !device_allocator_ || !context_ || !module_list_.count) {
      IREE_RETURN_IF_ERROR(Init());
    }

    auto function_name = std::string(FLAG_function);
    if (!function_name.empty()) {
      IREE_RETURN_IF_ERROR(RegisterSpecificFunction(function_name));
    } else {
      IREE_RETURN_IF_ERROR(RegisterAllExportedFunctions());
    }
    return iree_ok_status();
  }

 private:
  iree_status_t Init() {
    IREE_TRACE_SCOPE_NAMED("IREEBenchmark::Init");
    IREE_TRACE_FRAME_MARK_BEGIN_NAMED("init");

    iree_allocator_t host_allocator = iree_allocator_system();
    IREE_RETURN_IF_ERROR(
        iree_tooling_create_instance(host_allocator, &instance_));

    IREE_RETURN_IF_ERROR(iree_tooling_load_modules_from_flags(
        instance_.get(), host_allocator, &module_list_));

    IREE_RETURN_IF_ERROR(iree_tooling_create_context_from_flags(
        instance_.get(), module_list_.count, module_list_.values,
        /*default_device_uri=*/iree_string_view_empty(), host_allocator,
        &context_, &device_, &device_allocator_, &replay_recorder_));

    IREE_TRACE_FRAME_MARK_END_NAMED("init");
    return iree_ok_status();
  }

  iree_status_t RegisterSpecificFunction(const std::string& function_name) {
    IREE_TRACE_SCOPE_NAMED("IREEBenchmark::RegisterSpecificFunction");

    iree_vm_module_t* main_module =
        iree_tooling_module_list_back(&module_list_);
    iree_vm_function_t function;
    IREE_RETURN_IF_ERROR(iree_vm_module_lookup_function_by_name(
        main_module, IREE_VM_FUNCTION_LINKAGE_EXPORT,
        iree_string_view_t{function_name.data(),
                           (iree_host_size_t)function_name.size()},
        &function));
    iree_vm_function_signature_t signature =
        iree_vm_function_signature(&function);
    iree_string_view_t arguments_cconv, results_cconv;
    IREE_RETURN_IF_ERROR(iree_vm_function_call_get_cconv_fragments(
        &signature, &arguments_cconv, &results_cconv));

    IREE_CHECK_OK(iree_tooling_parse_variants(
        arguments_cconv, FLAG_input_list(), device_.get(),
        device_allocator_.get(), iree_vm_instance_allocator(instance_.get()),
        &inputs_));

    iree_string_view_t invocation_model = iree_vm_function_lookup_attr_by_name(
        &function, IREE_SV("iree.abi.model"));
    if (iree_string_view_equal(invocation_model, IREE_SV("coarse-fences"))) {
      // Asynchronous invocation.
      iree::RegisterAsyncBenchmark(function_name, replay_recorder_,
                                   device_.get(), context_.get(), function,
                                   inputs_.get());
    } else {
      // Synchronous invocation.
      iree::RegisterGenericBenchmark(function_name, replay_recorder_,
                                     device_.get(), context_.get(), function,
                                     inputs_.get());
    }
    return iree_ok_status();
  }

  iree_status_t RegisterAllExportedFunctions() {
    IREE_TRACE_SCOPE_NAMED("IREEBenchmark::RegisterAllExportedFunctions");
    iree_vm_module_t* main_module =
        iree_tooling_module_list_back(&module_list_);
    iree_vm_module_signature_t signature =
        iree_vm_module_signature(main_module);
    for (iree_host_size_t i = 0; i < signature.export_function_count; ++i) {
      iree_vm_function_t function;
      IREE_RETURN_IF_ERROR(iree_vm_module_lookup_function_by_ordinal(
          main_module, IREE_VM_FUNCTION_LINKAGE_EXPORT, i, &function));
      iree_string_view_t function_name = iree_vm_function_name(&function);

      // We run anything with the 'benchmark' attribute.
      // If the attribute is not present we'll run anything that looks runnable.
      iree_string_view_t benchmark_type = iree_vm_function_lookup_attr_by_name(
          &function, IREE_SV("iree.benchmark"));
      if (iree_string_view_equal(benchmark_type, IREE_SV("dispatch"))) {
        iree::RegisterDispatchBenchmark(
            std::string(function_name.data, function_name.size),
            replay_recorder_, context_.get(), function);
      } else if (iree_string_view_equal(benchmark_type, IREE_SV("entry"))) {
        iree::RegisterGenericBenchmark(
            std::string(function_name.data, function_name.size),
            replay_recorder_, device_.get(), context_.get(), function,
            /*inputs=*/nullptr);
      } else {
        // Pick up generic () -> () functions.
        if (iree_string_view_starts_with(function_name,
                                         iree_make_cstring_view("__")) ||
            iree_string_view_find_char(function_name, '$', 0) !=
                IREE_STRING_VIEW_NPOS) {
          // Skip internal or special functions.
          continue;
        }

        // Query function information to determine how to run it.
        iree_vm_function_signature_t signature =
            iree_vm_function_signature(&function);
        iree_host_size_t argument_count = 0;
        iree_host_size_t result_count = 0;
        IREE_RETURN_IF_ERROR(iree_vm_function_call_count_arguments_and_results(
            &signature, &argument_count, &result_count));
        iree_string_view_t invocation_model =
            iree_vm_function_lookup_attr_by_name(&function,
                                                 IREE_SV("iree.abi.model"));
        if (iree_string_view_equal(invocation_model,
                                   IREE_SV("coarse-fences"))) {
          // Asynchronous invocation with coarse fences. Expect just those.
          if (argument_count == 2) {
            // Only functions taking a (wait, signal) fence pair are run.
            iree::RegisterAsyncBenchmark(
                std::string(function_name.data, function_name.size),
                replay_recorder_, device_.get(), context_.get(), function,
                /*inputs=*/nullptr);
          }
        } else {
          // Basic synchronous invocation.
          if (argument_count == 0) {
            // Only functions with no inputs are run (because we can't pass
            // anything).
            iree::RegisterGenericBenchmark(
                std::string(function_name.data, function_name.size),
                replay_recorder_, device_.get(), context_.get(), function,
                /*inputs=*/nullptr);
          }
        }
      }
    }
    return iree_ok_status();
  }

  iree::vm::ref<iree_vm_instance_t> instance_;
  iree::vm::ref<iree_vm_context_t> context_;
  iree::vm::ref<iree_hal_device_t> device_;
  iree::vm::ref<iree_hal_allocator_t> device_allocator_;
  iree_hal_replay_recorder_t* replay_recorder_ = nullptr;
  iree_tooling_module_list_t module_list_;
  iree::vm::ref<iree_vm_list_t> inputs_;
};
}  // namespace
}  // namespace iree

static int runMain(int argc, char** argv) {
  IREE_TRACE_ZONE_BEGIN_NAMED(z0, "iree-benchmark-module");

  // Pass through flags to benchmark (allowing --help to fall through).
  iree_flags_set_usage("iree-benchmark-module",
                       iree::kIreeBenchmarkModuleUsage);
  iree_flags_parse_checked(IREE_FLAGS_PARSE_MODE_UNDEFINED_OK |
                               IREE_FLAGS_PARSE_MODE_CONTINUE_AFTER_HELP,
                           &argc, &argv);
  if (FLAG_agents_md) {
    iree::PrintBenchmarkModuleAgentMarkdown(stdout);
    fflush(stdout);
    IREE_TRACE_ZONE_END(z0);
    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
  }
  ::benchmark::Initialize(&argc, argv);

  iree::IREEBenchmark iree_benchmark;
  iree_status_t status = iree_benchmark.Register();
  if (!iree_status_is_ok(status)) {
    status = iree_status_join(status, iree_benchmark.Shutdown());
    int exit_code = static_cast<int>(iree_status_code(status));
    printf("%s\n", iree::Status(std::move(status)).ToString().c_str());
    IREE_TRACE_ZONE_END(z0);
    return exit_code;
  }
  IREE_CHECK_OK(iree_hal_begin_profiling_from_flags(
      iree_benchmark.device(), iree_allocator_system(), &g_profiling));
  ::benchmark::RunSpecifiedBenchmarks();
  IREE_CHECK_OK(iree_hal_end_profiling_from_flags(g_profiling));
  g_profiling = nullptr;
  IREE_CHECK_OK(iree_benchmark.Shutdown());

  IREE_TRACE_ZONE_END(z0);
  return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

int main(int argc, char** argv) {
  IREE_TRACE_APP_ENTER();
  int exit_code = runMain(argc, argv);
  IREE_TRACE_APP_EXIT(exit_code);
  return exit_code;
}