Before following this guide, make sure you've followed the [dependency installation and software build instructions]({{< relref “getting_started” >}}).
Verilator is a cycle-accurate simulation tool. It translates synthesizable Verilog code into a simulation program in C++, which is then compiled and executed.
Even though Verilator is packaged for most Linux distributions these versions tend to be too old to be usable. We recommend compiling Verilator from source, as outlined here.
Fetch, build and install Verilator itself (this should be done outside the $REPO_TOP directory).
$ export VERILATOR_VERSION={{< tool_version "verilator" >}} $ git clone https://github.com/verilator/verilator.git $ cd verilator $ git checkout v$VERILATOR_VERSION $ autoconf $ ./configure --prefix=/tools/verilator/$VERILATOR_VERSION $ make $ make install
After installation you need to add /tools/verilator/$VERILATOR_VERSION/bin to your PATH environment variable. Also add it to your ~/.bashrc or equivalent so that it's on the PATH in the future, like this:
export PATH=/tools/verilator/$VERILATOR_VERSION/bin:$PATH
Check your installation by running:
$ verilator --version Verilator 4.210 2021-07-07 rev v4.210 (mod)
If you need to install to a different location than /tools/verilator/..., you can pass a different directory to ./configure --prefix above and add your/install/location/bin to PATH instead.
First the RTL must be built into a simulator binary. This is done by running fusesoc, which collects up RTL code and passes it to Verilator to generate and then compile a C++ model. The fusesoc command line arguments are reasonably complicated so we have a wrapper script:
$ cd $REPO_TOP $ ci/scripts/build-chip-verilator.sh earlgrey
Then we need to build software to run on the simulated system. If you followed the [building software guide]({{< relref “build_sw” >}}), you've done this step already.
$ cd $REPO_TOP $ ./meson_init.sh $ ninja -C build-out all
The above command also builds the OTP image that contains the root secrets and life cycle state. By default, the life cycle state will be moved into DEV, which enables debugging features such as the JTAG interface for the main processor.
Now the simulation can be run.
$ cd $REPO_TOP $ build/lowrisc_dv_chip_verilator_sim_0.1/sim-verilator/Vchip_sim_tb \ --meminit=rom,build-bin/sw/device/lib/testing/test_rom/test_rom_sim_verilator.scr.39.vmem \ --meminit=flash,build-bin/sw/device/examples/hello_world/hello_world_sim_verilator.64.scr.vmem \ --meminit=otp,build-bin/sw/device/otp_img/otp_img_sim_verilator.vmem
To stop the simulation press CTRL-c.
The programs listed after --meminit are loaded into the system's specified memory and execution is started immediately. There are 4 memory types: ROM, Flash, OTP, and SRAM. By default, the system will first execute out of ROM and then jump to Flash. Memory images need to be provided for ROM, Flash, and OTP (SRAM is populated at runtime).
If you want to run a program other than hello_world, you'll change the second (flash) --meminit argument to point to a different 64.scr.vmem file under build-bin. For the most part, the structure under build-bin follows the structure in the repository, and executables intended for Verilator are suffixed with sim_verilator. For example, the build-bin/sw/device/examples/hello_world/hello_world_sim_verilator.64.scr.vmem file used above corresponds to the sw/device/examples/hello_world/hello_world.c source file.
All executed instructions in the loaded software are logged to the file trace_core_00000000.log. The columns in this file are tab separated; change the tab width in your editor if the columns don't appear clearly, or open the file in a spreadsheet application.
When starting the simulation you should see a message like:
UART: Created /dev/pts/11 for uart0. Connect to it with any terminal program, e.g. $ screen /dev/pts/11
Use any terminal program, e.g. screen to connect to the simulation. If you only want to see the program output you can use cat instead.
$ # to only see the program output $ cat /dev/pts/11 $ # to interact with the simulation $ screen /dev/pts/11
Note that screen will only show output that has been generated after screen starts, whilst cat will show output that was produced before cat started.
You can exit screen (in the default configuration) by pressing CTRL-a k and confirm with y.
If everything is working correctly you should expect to see text like the following from the virtual UART (replacing /dev/pts/11 with the reported device):
$ cat /dev/pts/11 I00000 test_rom.c:35] Version: opentitan-snapshot-20191101-1-1182-g2aedf641 Build Date: 2020-05-13, 15:04:09 I00001 test_rom.c:44] Boot ROM initialisation has completed, jump into flash! I00000 hello_world.c:30] Hello World! I00001 hello_world.c:31] Built at: May 13 2020, 15:27:31 I00002 demos.c:17] Watch the LEDs! I00003 hello_world.c:44] Try out the switches on the board I00004 hello_world.c:45] or type anything into the console window. I00005 hello_world.c:46] The LEDs show the ASCII code of the last character.
Instead of interacting with the UART through a pseudo-terminal, the UART output can be written to a log file, or to STDOUT. This is done by passing the UARTDPI_LOG_uart0 plus argument (“plusarg”) to the verilated simulation at runtime. To write all UART output to STDOUT, pass +UARTDPI_LOG_uart0=- to the simulation. To write all UART output to a file called your-log-file.log, pass +UARTDPI_LOG_uart0=your-log-file.log.
A full command-line invocation of the simulation could then look like that:
$ cd $REPO_TOP $ build/lowrisc_dv_chip_verilator_sim_0.1/sim-verilator/Vchip_sim_tb \ --meminit=rom,build-bin/sw/device/lib/testing/test_rom/test_rom_sim_verilator.scr.39.vmem \ --meminit=flash,build-bin/sw/device/examples/hello_world/hello_world_sim_verilator.64.scr.vmem \ --meminit=otp,build-bin/sw/device/otp_img/otp_img_sim_verilator.vmem +UARTDPI_LOG_uart0=-
For most use cases, interacting with the UART is all you will need and you can stop here. However, if you want to interact with the simulation in additional ways, there are more options listed below.
The simulation includes a DPI module to map general-purpose I/O (GPIO) pins to two POSIX FIFO files: one for input, and one for output. Observe the gpio0-read file for outputs:
$ cat gpio0-read
To drive input pins write to the gpio0-write file. A command consists of the desired state: h for high, and l for low, and the decimal pin number. Multiple commands can be issued by separating them with a single space.
$ echo 'h09 l31' > gpio0-write # Pull the pin 9 high, and pin 31 low.
The simulation includes a “virtual JTAG” port to which OpenOCD can connect using its remote_bitbang driver. All necessary configuration files are included in this repository.
See the [OpenOCD install instructions]({{< relref “install_openocd.md” >}}) for guidance on installing OpenOCD.
Run the simulation, then connect with OpenOCD using the following command.
$ cd $REPO_TOP $ /tools/openocd/bin/openocd -s util/openocd -f board/lowrisc-earlgrey-verilator.cfg
To connect GDB use the following command (noting it needs to be altered to point to the sw binary in use).
$ riscv32-unknown-elf-gdb -ex "target extended-remote :3333" -ex "info reg" \ build-bin/sw/device/examples/hello_world/hello_world_sim_verilator.elf
The simulation contains code to monitor the SPI bus and provide a host interface to allow interaction with the spi_device. When starting the simulation you should see a message like
SPI: Created /dev/pts/4 for spi0. Connect to it with any terminal program, e.g. $ screen /dev/pts/4 NOTE: a SPI transaction is run for every 4 characters entered. SPI: Monitor output file created at /auto/homes/mdh10/github/opentitan/spi0.log. Works well with tail: $ tail -f /auto/homes/mdh10/github/opentitan/spi0.log
Use any terminal program, e.g. screen or microcom to connect to the simulation.
$ screen /dev/pts/4
Microcom seems less likely to send unexpected control codes when starting:
$ microcom -p /dev/pts/4
The terminal will accept (but not echo) characters. After 4 characters are received a 4-byte SPI packet is sent containing the characters. The four characters received from the SPI transaction are echoed to the terminal. The hello_world code will print out the bytes received from the SPI port (substituting _ for non-printable characters). The hello_world code initially sets the SPI transmitter to return SPI! (so that should echo after the four characters are typed) and when bytes are received it will invert their bottom bit and set them for transmission in the next transfer (thus the Nth set of four characters typed should have an echo of the N-1th set with bottom bit inverted).
The SPI monitor output is written to a file. It may be monitored with tail -f which conveniently notices when the file is truncated on a new run, so does not need restarting between simulations. The output consists of a textual “waveform” representing the SPI signals.
With the --trace argument the simulation generates a FST signal trace which can be viewed with Gtkwave (only). Tracing slows down the simulation by roughly factor of 1000.
$ cd $REPO_TOP $ build/lowrisc_dv_chip_verilator_sim_0.1/sim-verilator/Vchip_sim_tb \ --meminit=rom,build-bin/sw/device/lib/testing/test_rom/test_rom_sim_verilator.scr.39.vmem \ --meminit=flash,build-bin/sw/device/examples/hello_world/hello_world_sim_verilator.64.scr.vmem \ --meminit=otp,build-bin/sw/device/otp_img/otp_img_sim_verilator.vmem \ --trace $ gtkwave sim.fst