EDN HWIP Technical Specification

Overview

This document specifies EDN hardware IP functionality. This module conforms to the Comportable guideline for peripheral functionality.

Features

The Entropy Distribution Network (EDN) block provides both hardware and software interfaces to the CSRNG IP module. A primary objective of the EDN block is to provide a simpler hardware interface for the peripheral blocks to use, in which case they do not have to directly interface with the CSRNG module.

• The EDN block provides a set of registers for firmware to manage a CSRNG application interface port.
• There are four request/acknowledge hardware interfaces.
• Each hardware interface supports a fixed bus width of 32 bits.
• The EDN block has an “auto request mode” where generate and reseed CSRNG application commands can be programmed to be done continuously in hardware.
• There is also a “boot-time request mode”, where a single TL-UL configuration write will trigger a proper CSRNG application command sequence to fetch the pre-FIPS entropy for tasks immediately at boot-time or after reset.
• There are two interrupts that are supported:
  • CSRNG application command has completed.
  • An internal FIFO error has occurred.
• There are two alerts that are implemented in is revision:
  • A fatal alert to report common security fatal errors and EDN specific fatal errors. A list of fatal errors are listed in the ERR_CODE register.
  • A recoverable alert to report recoverable error. A list of fatal errors are listed in the RECOV_ALERT_STS register.

Description

This IP block acts as a gasket between peripheral hardware blocks and the CSRNG block. One function this IP block performs is to translate data transfer size. For example, CSRNG will return 128 bits on the genbits bus. A peripheral block will connect with a 32-bit data bus. The EDN block will move the first 32 bits from the returned genbits bus, and hold on to the remaining data until another request asks for more data. Furthermore, if data is not consumed immediately, the interface to the CSRNG will indicate back pressure to the CSRNG block. Each of the four interfaces can request data such that any genbits bus return can supply any requesting peripheral block.

At most one hardware peripheral block can connect to each EDN peripheral port. Hardware peripherals request more data from the EDN by asserting the req signal. When random values are available, the EDN transmits them on the bus and asserts an ack signal to signify the arrival of fresh values.

Application interface commands to the CSRNG block can be generated by either firmware or hardware.

Firmware can issue CSRNG commands on behalf of hardware peripherals, by writing the commands to the SW_CMD_REQ register. The command status response is captured in the SW_CMD_STS register. Even when CRSNG generate commands are issued by firmware, all random values are distributed to the hardware peripherals.

If firmware applications require random values for their own use, they must issue the commands directly to the CSRNG, which maintains a dedicated CSRNG instance for firmware that is accessible through TL-UL.

There are two modes for EDN hardware to generate CSRNG commands. One is the “auto request mode”, where two FIFOs are used to send commands. The general operation of this mode is that the CSRNG instance is set up by firmware, then the FIFOs are preloaded with commands. One FIFO can be programmed to send generate commands. The other FIFO can be programmed to send reseed commands. The MAX_NUM_REQS_BETWEEN_RESEEDS register sets the number of generate commands allowed between reseed commands. Once this is done, the EDN block can request data from the CSRNG once firmware has instantiated the associated instance through the EDN command forwarding interface. When in this mode, the EDN emits generate commands from the first FIFO to get more data. Once the MAX_NUM_REQS_BETWEEN_RESEEDS timer expires, the EDN block emits a reseed command from the second FIFO. The process of sending these two commands will repeat forever until the EDN_ENABLE field is cleared, the AUTO_REQ_MODE field is cleared, or the EDN is reset.

Any of the command FIFOs can be reset by asserting the CMD_FIFO_RST field in the CTRL register.

The other mode is “boot-time request mode”, where only the hardware generates CSRNG application interface commands. In this mode a single instantiate command is sent, followed by a stream of generate commands. This sequence fetches the initial random values needed for the system to boot. Use of boot-time request mode, though simpler in operation, is only for applications which do not require FIPS-approved random values. Please see the entropy_src IP documentation for more information on trade-offs when creating CSRNG seeds before the completion of the FIPS-required health checks. In boot-time request mode the generate commands continue until EDN_ENABLE field is cleared (set to false), the BOOT_REQ_MODE field is cleared, or the EDN is reset. Note that when the EDN_ENABLE field is cleared or the BOOT_REQ_MODE field is cleared, an uninstantiate command needs to be sent by firmware to destroy the instance in csrng. Note that the EDNs and CSRNG should always be reset together to ensure proper instantiation or uninstantiation of state variables.

Security

All module assets and countermeasures performed by hardware are listed in the hjson countermeasures section. Labels for each instance of asset and countermeasure are located throughout the RTL source code.

The receiving FIFO for genbits from CSRNG will have a hardware check on the output bus. This is done to make sure repeated values are not occurring. Only 64 bits (out of 128 bits) are checked, since this is statistically significant, and more checking would cost more silicon. It is expected that an endpoint requiring high-quality entropy will do an additional consistency hardware check on the 32 bit data bus. Additionally the FIPS signal on the endpoint bus should also be checked for high-quality entropy consumers. Boot request mode is an example where the FIPS signal will not be ever be set, and consuming endpoint of low-quality entropy do not need to check this signal.

Example Topology

In general, the OpenTitan random number subsystem consists of one entropy_src, one CSRNG, and one or more EDNs. The entropy_src only supports one connection to a CSRNG, but the CSRNG has multiple application interface ports for connecting to EDN's or other hardware blocks. The diagram below shows an example topology where two EDN modules are used to distribute genbits from the CSRNG to peripheral modules.

Theory of Operations

The EDN is for distributing random number streams to hardware blocks, via peripheral ports on on the EDN. Each block connected to a peripheral port is referred to as an endpoint.

To enable the EDN block, set the EDN_ENABLE field in the CTRL register..

Interaction with CSRNG Application Interface Ports

The CSRNG application interface implements the “function envelopes” recommended by NIST SP 800-90A for random number generation, and these function envelopes establish certain requirements for the order of operations. For instance, the application interface port must receive an explicit instantiate command before receiving any generate commands. The sequences of commands generated by a particular EDN are either controlled by the EDN state machine or by commands forwarded from firmware through the SW_CMD_REQ register.

Whenever commands are directly forwarded from firmware to the CSRNG through the SW_CMD_REQ register, firmware must poll and clear the CMD_ACK bit of the SW_CMD_STS register before sending any further commands.

Note that CSRNG commands are to be written into the SW_CMD_REQ, RESEED_CMD, and GENERATE_CMD registers. CSRNG command format details can be found in CSRNG.

There are two broad modes for state machine control: auto request mode and boot-time request mode.

Boot-time Request Mode

Random values are needed by peripherals almost immediately after reset, so to simplify interactions with the boot ROM, boot-time request mode is the default mode.

In boot-time request mode, the command sequence is fully hardware-controlled and no command customization is possible. In this mode, the EDN automatically issues a special reduced-latency instantiate command followed by the default generate commands. This means, for instance, that no personalization strings or additional data may be passed to the CSRNG application interface port in this mode. On exiting, the EDN issues an uninstantiate command to destroy the associated CSRNG instance.

Once firmware initialization is complete, it is important to exit this mode if the endpoints ever need FIPS-approved random values. This is done by either clearing the EDN_ENABLE field or clearing the BOOT_REQ_MODE field in CTRL to halt the boot-time request state machine. Firmware must then wait for successful the shutdown of the state machine by polling the REQ_MODE_SM_STS field of the SUM_STS register.

It should be noted that when in boot-time request mode, no status will be updated that is used for the software port operation. If some hang condition were to occur when in this mode, the main state machine debug register should be read to determine if a hang condition is present. There is a limit to how much entropy can be requested in the boot-time request mode BOOT_GEN_CMD command (GLEN = 4K). It is the responsibility of software to switch to the software mode of operation before the command has completed. If the BOOT_GEN_CMD command ends while an endpoint is requesting, EDN will never ack and the endpoint bus will hang.

Note on Security Considerations when Using Boot-time Request Mode

Boot-time request mode is not intended for normal operation, as it tolerates the potential use of preliminary seeds for the attached CSRNG instance. These preliminary seeds are described as “pre-FIPS” since they are released from the entropy_src before the complete start-up health-checks recommended by FIPS have been completed. Thus pre-FIPS seeds have weaker guarantees on the amount of physical entropy included in their creation. As detailed in the entropy_src documentation, only the first CSRNG seed created after reset is pre-FIPS. All following seeds from the entropy_src are passed through the full FIPS-approved health checks. Therefore at most one EDN can receive a pre-FIPS seed after reset. Since boot-time request mode EDN streams may be FIPS non-compliant, firmware must at some point disable boot-time request mode and reinitialize the EDN for either firmware-driven operation or auto request mode.

Multiple EDNs in Boot-time Request Mode

If many endpoints require boot-time entropy multiple boot-time EDNs may be required, as the EDN has a fixed maximum number of peripheral ports. Since physical entropy generation takes time, there exists a mechanism to prioritize the EDNs, to match the boot priority of each group of attached endpoints. To establish an order to the instantiation of each EDN, enable them one at a time. To ensure that the most recently enabled EDN will get next priority for physical entropy, poll the BOOT_INST_ACK field in the SUM_STS register before enabling the following EDN.

If using boot-time request mode, the CSRNG seed material used for the first-activated EDN is the special pre-FIPS seed, which is specifically tested quickly to improve latency. The first random values distributed from this EDN will therefore be available roughly 2ms after reset. The entropy_src only creates one pre-FIPS seed, so any other EDNs must wait for their seeds to pass the full FIPS-recommended health checks. This means that each subsequent EDN must wait an additional 5ms before it can start distributing data. For instance, if there are three boot-time request mode EDN's in the system, the first will start distributing data 2ms after reset, the second will start distributing data 7ms after reset, and the third will start distributing data 12ms after reset.

Auto Request Mode

Before entering auto request mode, it is the responsibility of firmware to first generate an instantiate command for the EDN-associated instance via the SW_CMD_REQ register. The required generate and reseed commands must also be custom generated by firmware and loaded into the respective command replay FIFOs via the GENERATE_CMD and RESEED_CMD registers. These generate commands will be issued as necessary to meet the bandwidth requirements of the endpoints. The reseed commands will be issued once every MAX_NUM_REQS_BETWEEN_RESEEDS generate requests. For details on the options for application interface commands please see the CSRNG IP Documentation. Once the CSRNG instance has been instantiated, and the generate and reseed commands have been loaded, auto request mode can be entered by programming the CTRL register with EDN_ENABLE and AUTO_REQ_MODE fields are enabled. Note that if BOOT_REQ_MODE is asserted the state machine will enter boot-time request mode, even if AUTO_REQ_MODE is asserted.

To issue any new commands other than those stored in the generate or reseed FIFOs, it is important to disable auto request mode, by deasserting the AUTO_REQ_MODE field in the CTRL register. Firmware must then wait until the current command is completed by polling the MAIN_SM_STATE register. Once the state machine returns to the Idle or SWPortMode states, new firmware-driven commands can be passed to the CSRNG via the SW_CMD_REQ register.

It should be noted that when in auto request mode, no status will be updated that is used for the software port operation once the instantiate command has completed. If some hang condition were to occur when in this mode, the main state machine debug register should be read to determine if a hang condition is present.

Note on State Machine Shutdown Delays

When leaving boot-time request mode or auto request mode, the EDN state machine waits for completion of the last command, before sending a shutdown acknowledgement to firmware. The longest possible commands are the instantiate or reseed requests, which typically take about 5ms, due to the time required to gather the necessary physical entropy. By contrast, the largest possible generate command allowed by NIST SP 800-90A is for 219 bits (or 4096 AES codewords). Assuming an AES encryption delay of 16 clocks, and a 100 MHz clock frequency, the longest allowable generate command would take only 0.7 ms to complete.

Note on Sharing of CSRNG Instance State Variables

Once an application interface port has received an instantiate command, that application interface port then has access to a unique CSRNG instance, which is shared by all endpoints on the same EDN. Therefore from a security perspective, an attack to that particular CSRNG instance is an attack on all the endpoints that share the same EDN. Meanwhile, seeds and other state variables specific to a particular CSRNG instance are not shared between endpoints on separate EDN instances, or with any hardware devices with direct connections to dedicated CSRNG application interface ports.

Interactions with Peripheral Devices

Peripheral ports distribute data to the endpoints using four signals: req, ack, bus, and fips.

Fresh (i.e. previously unseen) random values are distributed to the endpoints via the 32 bit bus signal, in response to a req signal. Whenever new values are placed on the bus, the ack is asserted until the values are consumed by the endpoint, as indicated by simultaneous assertion of the req and ack signals in the same cycle. Otherwise ack is deasserted until enough fresh bits are received from CSRNG. The bus data will persist on the bus until a new req is asserted. This persistence will allow an asynchronous endpoint to capture the correct data sometime after the ack de-asserts.

The fips signal is used to identify whether the values received on the bus have been prepared with complete adherence to the recommendations in NIST SP 800-90. If the fips signal is deasserted, it means the associated CSRNG instance has been instantiated with a pre-FIPS seed.

Block Diagram

Hardware Interfaces

• Interface Tables

Design Details

EDN Initialization

After power-up, the EDN block is disabled. A single TL-UL configuration write to the CTRL register will start random-number streams processing in boot-time request mode. CSRNG application commands will be sent immediately. Once these commands have completed, a status bit will be set. At this point, firmware can later come and reconfigure the EDN block for a different mode of operation.

The recommended write sequence for the entire entropy system is one configuration write to ENTROPY_SRC, then CSRNG, and finally to EDN (also see Module enable and disable).

Interrupts

The EDN module has two interrupts: edn_cmd_req_done and edn_fatal_err.

The edn_cmd_req_done interrupt should be used when a CSRNG command is issued and firmware is waiting for completion.

The edn_fatal_err interrupt will fire when a fatal error has been detected. The conditions that cause this to happen are FIFO error, a state machine error state transition, or a prim_count error.

Waveforms

See the CSRNG IP waveform section for the CSRNG application interface commands.

Peripheral Hardware Interface - Req/Ack

The following waveform shows an example of how the peripheral hardware interface works. This example shows the case where the boot-time mode in the ENTROPY_SRC block is enabled. This example also shows the case where the next request will change the prior data by popping the data FIFO.

{signal: [
   {name: 'clk'           , wave: 'p...|...........|......'},
   {name: 'edn_enable'    , wave: '01..|...........|......'},
   {name: 'edn_req'       , wave: '0..1|..0..1.0...|1.0...'},
   {name: 'edn_ack'       , wave: '0...|.10...10...|.10...'},
   {name: 'edn_bus[31:0]' , wave: '0...|3....3.....|3.....', data: ['es0','es1','es2']},
   {name: 'edn_fips'      , wave: '0...|...........|......'},
 {},
]}

Programmers Guide

Initialization

The following code snippet demonstrates initializing the EDN block.

void edn_init(unsigned int enable) {

  // set the control register enable bit
  *CTRL_REG = enable; // should be 0x1 by default

  // the EDN interrupts can optionally be enabled
}

Module enable and disable

EDN may only be enabled if CSRNG is enabled. Once disabled, EDN may only be re-enabled after CSRNG has been disabled and re-enabled.

Error conditions

Need to alert the system of a FIFO overflow condition.

Device Interface Functions (DIFs)

• Device Interface Functions

Register Table

• Register Table